borosilicate glass sharp electrodes p-2000 electrode puller  (Sutter Instrument Company)

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Dynamics of a neuronal pacemaker in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus

doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73566-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of currents in canonical model (Fig. A) and in model with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {I}_{\mathrm{Ca}}$$\end{document} I Ca -block. ( A ) Model fits for both full model (left) and blocked model (right) showing no systematic differences. ( B ) Current breakdown with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {I}_{\mathrm{Ca}}\times $$\end{document} I Ca × 10 (dashed light blue line) showing a 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\times $$\end{document} × magnified calcium current for illustrative purposes.

Article Snippet: After a minimum of 30 min, pacemaker recordings (intracellular and extracellular) were performed with borosilicate glass sharp electrodes (30–90 M \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Omega $$\end{document} Ω , P-2000 electrode puller, Sutter Instrument Company, Novato, CA, USA) using an Axoclamp 2B amplifier (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).

Techniques: Blocking Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Dynamics of a neuronal pacemaker in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus

doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73566-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Data and model bifurcation analysis. ( A ) Relative time-series of pacemaker frequency as Na-free ACSF is washed in (see Methods) for 5 different pacemaker preparations. Green trace represents average (individual preparations in gray) and red trace represents cessation of firing. T = 1 represents bifurcation point. ( B ) Orbit diagram for model bifurcation analysis with respect to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{Na}}$$\end{document} E Na . Green trace is action potential extrema. Black trace is unstable fixed point and red trace is stable fixed point. Black-Red intersection point is the Hopf bifurcation. ( C ) Frequency analysis of the model Hopf bifurcation. Dark green line represents model in Fig. C (i). Light green lines represent results from other model fits, Fig. C (ii–iv). Red line represents cessation and dotted lines show the bifurcation of each model.

Article Snippet: After a minimum of 30 min, pacemaker recordings (intracellular and extracellular) were performed with borosilicate glass sharp electrodes (30–90 M \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Omega $$\end{document} Ω , P-2000 electrode puller, Sutter Instrument Company, Novato, CA, USA) using an Axoclamp 2B amplifier (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Dynamics of a neuronal pacemaker in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus

doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73566-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Response to progressive block of Na \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^+$$\end{document} + and K \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^+$$\end{document} + channels. ( A ) Model response to Na \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^+$$\end{document} + channel block ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm{G}_{\mathrm{Na}}$$\end{document} G Na , left) and K \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^+$$\end{document} + channel block ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm{G}_{\mathrm{K}}$$\end{document} G K , right). ( B ) Action potential properties computed as a function of block level for peak-peak amplitude (left), action potential rise rate (center) and fall rate (absolute value; right). Dots represent block level with equivalent percentage change in each property from data reported in .

Article Snippet: After a minimum of 30 min, pacemaker recordings (intracellular and extracellular) were performed with borosilicate glass sharp electrodes (30–90 M \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Omega $$\end{document} Ω , P-2000 electrode puller, Sutter Instrument Company, Novato, CA, USA) using an Axoclamp 2B amplifier (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).

Techniques: Blocking Assay